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\u2460\u89c1\u674e\u5149\u6d9b\u300a\u6e05\u5165\u5173\u524d\u4e4b\u771f\u8c61\u300b\u3002\u4f46\u6b64\u8282\u4e0d\u89c1\u4e8e\u5176\u4ed6\u8bb0\u8f7d\uff0c\u4e0d\u77e5\u674e\u5148\u751f\u6709\u4f55\u6839\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2461\u300a\u6e05\u592a\u7956\u5b9e\u5f55\u300b\u5377\u5341\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2462\u636e\u65e5\u4eba\u7a3b\u53f6\u541b\u5c71\u300a\u6e05\u671d\u5168\u53f2\u300b\u4e2d\u6240\u5f15\u8ff0\u671d\u9c9c\u4f7f\u8005\u5f53\u65f6\u5728\u5b81\u8fdc\u57ce\u5934\u7684\u76ee\u7779\u8bb0\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2463\u636e\u300a\u80ea\u5929\u9882\u7b14\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2464\u636e\u8ba1\u516d\u5947\u300a\u660e\u5b63\u5317\u7565\u300b\u4e2d\u5f15\u5b81\u8fdc\u56f4\u57ce\u65f6\u5728\u9f13\u697c\u524d\u5f00\u5e97\u7684\u4e00\u540d\u82b1\u6912\u5546\u4eba\u6240\u8ff0\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u5728\u8fd9\u65f6\u5019\uff0c\u8881\u5d07\u7115\u4e0a\u4e86\u4e00\u9053\u594f\u7ae0\uff0c\u63d0\u51fa\u5b88\u8fbd\u7684\u57fa\u672c\u6218\u7565\uff0c\u8fd9\u9053\u594f\u7ae0\u6709\u5f88\u5927\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<\/p>\n

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\u6b63\u786e\u7684\u6218\u7565\u51b3\u7b56\u65e0\u6cd5\u6267\u884c\uff0c\u671d\u653f\u8d8a\u6765\u8d8a\u8150\u8d25\uff0c\u5728\u9b4f\u5fe0\u8d24\u7b3c\u7f69\u4e00\u5207\u7684\u90aa\u6076\u52bf\u529b\u4e0b\u505a\u5b98\uff0c\u5929\u5929\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u9001\u6389\u4e86\u6027\u547d\u3002\u5173\u5916\u9177\u5bd2\u7684\u5929\u6c14\uff0c\u751f\u957f\u4e8e\u4e9a\u70ed\u5e26\u7684\u5e7f\u4e1c\u4eba\u5b9e\u5728\u611f\u5230\u5f88\u96be\u62b5\u53d7\u3002\u5728\u8fd9\u671f\u95f4\uff0c\u8881\u5d07\u7115\u4ece\u5e7f\u4e1c\u62db\u52df\u6765\u7684\u4eba\u5458\u4e2d\u6709\u4eba\u8981\u56de\u6545\u4e61\u53bb\u4e86\uff0c\u4e34\u522b\u65f6\u95ee\u4ed6\uff1a\u4f60\u7559\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u7ee7\u7eed\u62c5\u5f53\u8270\u5371\u5462\uff0c\u8fd8\u662f\u56de\u4e61\u4ee5\u6c42\u5e73\u5b89\uff1f\u4ed6\u5199\u4e86\u4e00\u9996\u8bd7\u56de\u7b54\uff1a\u6211\u548c\u4f60\u66fe\u540c\u751f\u5171\u6b7b\uff0c\u6211\u7684\u5185\u5fc3\u4f60\u8fd8\u4e0d\u660e\u767d\u5417\uff1f\u53c8\u4f55\u5fc5\u95ee\u5b89\u5371\u53bb\u7559\uff1f\u6211\u5728\u8fd9\u91cc\u594b\u4e0d\u987e\u8eab\uff0c\u672c\u6765\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5bcc\u8d35\u3002\u6545\u4e61\u7684\u4eb2\u53cb\u4eec\u5982\u679c\u95ee\u8d77\uff0c\u8bf7\u4f60\u8f6c\u544a\uff1a\u8fb9\u754c\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5e73\u9756\uff0c\u6211\u53ea\u6709\u611f\u5230\u60ed\u6127\uff0c\u5f53\u7136\u8981\u7ee7\u7eed\u5e72\u4e0b\u53bb\u3002\u8881\u5d07\u7115\u662f\u4e09\u5144\u5f1f\u4e2d\u7684\u8001\u4e8c\u3002\u5927\u54e5\u5d07\u707f\u5f53\u4ed6\u5728\u5173\u5916\u65f6\u5728\u6545\u4e61\u901d\u4e16\u3002\u4e09\u5f1f\u5d07\u715c\u968f\u7740\u4ed6\u5728\u519b\u4e2d\u529e\u4e8b\uff0c\u540e\u6765\u4e5f\u544a\u8f9e\u56de\u4e61\u3002\u8881\u5d07\u7115\u4ece\u5b81\u8fdc\u9001\u4ed6\u5230\u5c71\u6d77\u5173\u800c\u5206\u624b\uff0c\u5199\u4e86\u4e24\u9996\u8bd7\u7ed9\u4ed6\uff0c\u8bf4\uff1a\u8fb9\u7586\u9700\u8981\u4eba\u5b88\u5fa1\uff0c\u5347\u5e73\u8fd8\u6ca1\u6709\u5f97\u5230\uff0c\u6211\u65e9\u5df2\u51b3\u5fc3\u62a5\u56fd\uff0c\u5b89\u5371\u53bb\u7559\u7684\u95ee\u9898\u4e0d\u5fc5\u63d0\u4e86\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2460\u7687\u592a\u6781\u5728\u897f\u65b9\u4eba\u7684\u4e66\u4e2d\u5199\u4f5cAbahai\uff0c\u6cd5\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u683c\u5965\u8d5b\uff08Ren\u00e9Grousset\uff09\u5728\u300a\u4e2d\u534e\u5e1d\u56fd\u7684\u5174\u8d77\u4e0e\u8f89\u714c\u300b\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\u6709\u201c\u4e00\u516d\u56db\u56db\u5e74\u7684\u5927\u53d8\u201d\u4e00\u7ae0\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u7687\u592a\u6781\u662f\u86ee\u4eba\u4e2d\u7684\u4e00\u4e2a\u5929\u624d\uff0c\u4ed6\u628a\u672c\u65cf\u4eba\u6c11\u7684\u519b\u4e8b\u624d\u80fd\uff0c\u548c\u5bf9\u6587\u660e\u751f\u6d3b\u7684\u5929\u751f\u7406\u89e3\u76f8\u7ed3\u5408\u8d77\u6765\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2461\u6e05\u300a\u592a\u5b97\u5b9e\u5f55\u5377\u4e09\u300b\uff1a\u5929\u806a\u5143\u5e74\uff0c\u201c\u65f6\u56fd\u4e2d\u5927\u9965\uff0c\u6597\u7c73\u4ef7\u94f6\u516b\u4e24\uff0c\u4eba\u6709\u76f8\u98df\u8005\u3002\u56fd\u4e2d\u94f6\u4e24\u867d\u591a\uff0c\u65e0\u5916\u8d38\u6613\uff0c\u662f\u4ee5\u94f6\u8d31\u800c\u8bf8\u7269\u817e\u8d35\u3002\u826f\u9a6c\uff0c\u94f6\u4e09\u767e\u4e24\u3002\u725b\u4e00\uff0c\u94f6\u767e\u4e24\u3002\u87d2\u7f0e\u4e00\uff0c\u94f6\u767e\u4e94\u5341\u4e24\u3002\u5e03\u5339\u4e00\uff0c\u94f6\u4e5d\u4e24\u3002\u76d7\u8d3c\u7e41\u5174\uff0c\u5077\u7a83\u725b\u9a6c\uff0c\u6216\u884c\u52ab\u6740\u3002\u4e8e\u662f\u8bf8\u81e3\u5165\u594f\u66f0\uff1a\u76d7\u8d3c\u82e5\u4e0d\u6309\u5f8b\u4e25\u60e9\uff0c\u6050\u4e0d\u80fd\u6b62\u606f\u3002\u4e0a\u607b\u7136\uff0c\u8c15\u66f0\uff1a\u4eca\u5c81\u56fd\u4e2d\u56e0\u5e74\u9965\u4e4f\u98df\uff0c\u81f4\u6c11\u4e0d\u5f97\u5df2\u800c\u4e3a\u76d7\u8033\u3002\u7f09\u83b7\u8005\uff0c\u97ad\u800c\u91ca\u4e4b\u53ef\u4e5f\u3002\u9042\u4e0b\u4ee4\uff0c\u662f\u5c81\u8c33\u72f1\uff0c\u59d1\u4ece\u5bbd\u5178\u3002\u4ecd\u5927\u53d1\u5e11\u91d1\uff0c\u6563\u8d48\u9965\u6c11\u3002\u201d\u4ed6\u5bbd\u5f85\u56e0\u9965\u997f\u800c\u4e3a\u76d7\u7684\u767e\u59d3\uff0c\u4e0e\u5d07\u796f\u7763\u4fc3\u90e8\u5c06\u201c\u9650\u671f\u7834\u8d3c\u3001\u6740\u8d3c\u7acb\u529f\u201d\u7684\u653f\u7b56\u6070\u6b63\u76f8\u53cd\u3002<\/p>\n

perial China, Aspects of SocialMobility, 1368-1911\u4e00\u4e66\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u660e\u521d\u4eba\u53e3\u516d\u5343\u4e94\u767e\u4e07\uff0c\u5230\u660e\u672b\u65f6\u5df2\u6da8\u4e86\u4e00\u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2463\u738b\u949f\u7ff0\uff1a\u300a\u6ee1\u65cf\u5728\u52aa\u5c14\u54c8\u8d64\u65f6\u4ee3\u7684\u793e\u4f1a\u7ecf\u6d4e\u5f62\u6001\u300b\u4e00\u6587\u4e2d\uff0c\u6839\u636e\u671d\u9c9c\u300a\u5174\u4eac\u4e8c\u9053\u6cb3\u5b50\u65e7\u8001\u57ce\u300b\u7684\u8d44\u6599\uff0c\u8ba4\u4e3a\u4e00\u516d\u4e8c\u4e00\u5e74\u65f6\uff0c\u52aa\u5c14\u54c8\u8d64\u7684\u5175\u6570\u4e8c\u5341\u4e07\uff0c\u518d\u52a0\u4e0a\u5987\u5973\u8001\u5c11\uff0c\u201c\u5168\u4eba\u6570\u5f53\u5728\u56db\u3001\u4e94\u5341\u4e07\u5de6\u53f3\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2464\u300a\u5929\u806a\u5b9e\u5f55\u7a3f\u300b\u5143\u5e74\u4e09\u6708\u521d\u4e8c\u65e5\uff0c\u201c\u79c0\u624d\u5cb3\u8d77\u9e3e\u66f0\uff1a\u6211\u56fd\u5b9c\u4e0e\u660e\u671d\u8bb2\u548c\u3002\u82e5\u4e0d\u8bb2\u548c\uff0c\u5219\u6211\u56fd\u4eba\u6c11\u6b7b\u6563\u6b86\u8346\u201d\u300a\u660e\u6e05\u53f2\u6599\u300b\u7532\u7f16\uff0c\u5929\u806a\u4e8c\u5e74\u516b\u6708\u201c\u4e8b\u5c40\u672a\u5b9a\u201d\u594f\u758f\uff1a\u201c\u5357\u671d\u867d\u5e08\u8001\u8d22\u532e\uff0c\u7136\u4ee5\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5168\u529b\uff0c\u6bd5\u6ce8\u4e8e\u4e00\u9685\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u76d6\u72b9\u88d5\u5982\u4e5f\u3002\u201d\u300a\u4e1c\u534e\u5f55\u300b\u8f7d\u5929\u806a\u4e09\u5e74\u516b\u6708\u620a\u8fb0\uff0c\u201c\u5927\u81e3\u540c\u8c0b\u5021\u9003\u201d\u3002\u300a\u660e\u6e05\u53f2\u6599\u300b\u4e59\u7f16\u8f7d\uff0c\u5d07\u796f\u4e8c\u5e74\u4e8c\u6708\u4e8c\u5341\u4e00\uff0c\u8881\u5d07\u7115\u5858\u62a5\uff1a\u201c\u4e00\u65e5\u4e4b\u5185\uff0c\u964d\u8005\u7adf\u524d\u540e\u63a5\u8e35\u800c\u81f3\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2465\u201c\u4e03\u5927\u6068\u201d\uff1a\u4e00\u3001\u660e\u671d\u6740\u5bb3\u91d1\u4eba\u7684\u4e8c\u7956\uff1b\u4e8c\u3001\u8892\u62a4\u91d1\u4eba\u7684\u4ec7\u654c\u54c8\u8fbe\uff1b\u4e09\u3001\u8d8a\u754c\u51fa\u5175\uff0c\u52a9\u91d1\u4eba\u7684\u4e16\u4ec7\u53f6\u8d6b\u6297\u91d1\uff1b\u56db\u3001\u660e\u4eba\u8d8a\u754c\uff0c\u91d1\u4eba\u6839\u636e\u8a93\u7ea6\u6740\u4e86\uff0c\u660e\u671d\u52d2\u7d22\u91d1\u65b9\u4ea4\u51fa\u5341\u4eba\u6765\u6740\u6b7b\uff0c\u4ee5\u8d44\u62a5\u590d\uff1b\u4e94\u3001\u660e\u671d\u9020\u6210\u8001\u5973\u6539\u5ac1\uff1b\u516d\u3001\u79fb\u7f6e\u754c\u7891\uff0c\u62a2\u593a\u91d1\u56fd\u7684\u4eba\u53c2\u3001\u8c82\u76ae\uff1b\u4e03\u3001\u542c\u4fe1\u53f6\u8d6b\uff0c\u5199\u4fe1\u6765\u8fb1\u9a82\u4fae\u6162\u3002<\/p>\n

\u2466\u201c\u89c2\u5176\u5411\u80cc\u79bb\u5408\u4e4b\u610f\uff0c\u4ee5\u5b9a\u5f81\u8ba8\u629a\u5b9a\u4e4b\u8ba1\u3002\u201d\u89c1\u300a\u4e24\u671d\u4ece\u4fe1\u5f55\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n

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\u2460\u8881\u5d07\u7115\u7684\u594f\u7ae0\u4e2d\u8bf4\uff1a\u201c\u5341\u5e74\u6765\uff0c\u5c3d\u5929\u4e0b\u4e4b\u5175\uff0c\u672a\u5c1d\u6562\u4e0e\u5974\u5408\u9a6c\u4ea4\u950b\uff0c\u5373\u81e3\u53bb\u5e74\uff0c\u4ea6\u81ea\u57ce\u4e0a\u800c\u4e0b\u653b\u3002\u81ea\u4eca\u59cb\u4e00\u5200\u4e00\u67aa\uff0c\u4e0b\u800c\u62da\u547d\uff0c\u4e0d\u987e\u5937\u4e4b\u51f6\u72e0\u527d\u608d\u3002\u81e3\u590d\u51ed\u581e\u5927\u547c\uff0c\u5206\u8def\u8fdb\u8ffd\u3002\u8bf8\u519b\u5fff\u6068\uff0c\u8a93\u4e00\u6218\u4ee5\u632b\u6b64\u8d3c\u3002\u6b64\u7686\u5c06\u519b\u6ee1\u6842\u4e4b\u529f\u5c45\u591a\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

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\u2464\u8881\u5d07\u7115\u300a\u5f52\u5ebe\u5cad\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u529f\u540d\u52b3\u5341\u8f7d\uff0c\u5fc3\u8ff9\u6e10\u4f9d\u8fdd\u3002\u5fcd\u8bf4\u8fd8\u5c71\u662f\uff1f\u96be\u8a00\u51fa\u585e\u975e\u3002\u4e3b\u6069\u5929\u5730\u91cd\uff0c\u81e3\u9047\u53e4\u4eca\u5e0c\u6570\u5377\u5c01\u7ae0\u5916\uff0c\u6d51\u7136\u65e7\u65e5\u5f52\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

\u2465\u8881\u5d07\u7115\u300a\u9047\u8bc3\u6797\u5bfa\u53e3\u5360\u300b\uff1a\u201c\u56db\u5341\u5e74\u6765\u8fc7\u534a\u8eab\uff0c\u671b\u4e2d\u25a1\u6811\u9694\u7ea2\u5c18\u3002\u5982\u4eca\u7740\u8db3\u7a7a\u738b\u5730\uff0c\u591a\u4e86\u4ece\u524d\u5b66\u6740\u4eba\u3002\u201d<\/p>\n

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